Intro: Microbes are everywhere, even in the most extreme environments and conditions. and closely related genera are generally regarded as harmless saprophytes that inhabit or contaminate the skin, mucosa, and perhaps also the oropharynx; however, they can be opportunistic pathogens for the immunocompromised(2,3). The kinetics of lysis of Micrococcus luteus by hen egg-white lysozyme in dilute buffer media is characterized by pronounced substrate inhibition. With this almost universal range of survivable living conditions that microbes can live in (particularly bacteria), it would be reasonable to assume that there would be at least one variety living i… are gram-positive, oxidase-positive, and strictly aerobic cocci belonging to the family Micrococcaceae(2,3). With one of the smallest genomes of free-living actinobacteria, it is found in a wide range of environments, but intraspecies genetic diversity and adaptation strategies to various environments remain unclear. Note: Tang and Gillevet, propose to reclassify the ATCC 9341 strain as Kocuria rhizophila. An obligate aerobe, M. luteus is found in soil, dust, water and air, and as part of the normal microbiota of the mammalian skin. The extended preservation capacity up to pH 6.5 makes SA superior over other commonly used preservatives such as propionates and benzoates (6). They have also been isolated from blood and surgical specimens in some patients with coronary and infectious conditions(3). RESERVOIR: Humans and animals (ubiquitous in the environment)(2,3). They were showed best enzymatic spectrum and optimum enzyme activity in pH range of 8-9 and temperature of 500C600C. One study (of 115 people) reports that up to 96% of people living in 18 states of USA carried micrococci, with the majority being M. luteus(3). Actinobacteria -> If the species was not widely studied, the SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISINFECTANTS: Gram-positive bacteria are generally susceptible to a number of disinfectants, including phenolic compounds, hypochlorites (1% sodium hypochlorite), alcohols (70% ethanol), formaldehyde (18.5 g/L; 5% formalin in water), glutaraldehyde, iodines (0.075 g/L)(7). Extracellular proteinases are produced by several species of ‘micrococci’, although their activity is optimal in an alkaline pH range, being almost negligible at pH values below 5.5. At pH 6.6 maximal activity of lysozyme is observed over a wider range of ionic strengths (0.02–0.100 M) than at pH 9.2 (0.01–0.06 M) (Dave, 2010). If two far ranges of pH were determined, the average was taken. moderate (mesophilic) environments. The pH of the seeded M. luteus test medium changed from pH 6.6 before incubation to 8.7 after 24 hours incubation at 30 degrees C. When the same 33 kidneys were tested by the B. subtilis BGA method, medium pH 6, and 15 of them also by the M. luteus method using a medium buffered to pH 6, all were negative. Colony Morphology: Colonies are circular, yellow, convex and smooth. growth, and against a wide range of bacterial attack (3, 4, 5). Micrococci have Gram-positive spherical cells ranging from about 0.5 to 3 micrometers in diameter and typically appear in tetrads. This risk group applies to the genus as a whole, and may not apply to every species within the genus. Commercial preparations of micrococcal proteinases are available for accelerated cheese-ripening. It showed highest (99.7 %) 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Micrococcus yunnanensis YIM 65004T followed by Micrococcus luteus NCTC 2665T (99.6 %) and Micrococcus endophyticus YIM Micrococci may be distinguished from staphylococci by a modified oxidase test as shown below- NAME: Micrococcus spp. Micrococcus spp. Schroeter 1886, Micrococcus lysodeikticus Fleming 1933, "not Micrococcus luteus" Lehmann and Neumann 1896. SPILLS: Allow aerosols to settle. and closely related genera, occur worldwide and are ubiquitous. The activity of lysozyme is a function of both pH and ionic strength. List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature. Mesophiles = 0, Extremophile = 1, Negative = 0, Positive = 1, Indeterminate = 2, Microbes that live anywhere in the human body and are not pathogenic to humans (i.e. All rights reserved. Fact Sheet: Micrococcus luteus Download PDF here. DISPOSAL: Decontaminate, either by steam sterilization, incineration, or chemical disinfection, before disposal(11). Carbonic anhydrase (CA) was purified from Micrococcus lylae and Micrococcus luteus with 49.90 and 53.8 % yield, respectively, isolated from calcium carbonate kilns. COGEM released a comprehensive database of pathogenicity assessment of around 2575 bacterial They are found on the skin of humans and other animals and in soil, marine and fresh water, plants, fomites, dust, and air(2,3). halophiles, oligotrophs, and others. Former members of the genus Micrococcus, now assigned to other genera, include Arthrobacter agilis, Nesterenkonia halobia, Kocuria kristinae, K. rosea, K. varians, Kytococcus sedentarius, and Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis (1,2). This category includes acidophiles, thermophiles, osmophiles, Growth of micrococci may be significantly reduced at temperatures >45 °C, pH <6, and in high salt concentrations (>15%)(9). This effect occurs within the complete pH range where lysozyme activity is detectable. One pH of 6.8 and fuchsia above a pH of 7.4. Sccharomyces cerevisiae . Micrococcaceae become one of the dominant microbial groups throughout curing of different kinds of dry cured hams, as well as during ripening of dry fermented sausages. The optimal temperature at which this species grows. DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY: Micrococcus spp. PATHOGENICITY/TOXICITY: Micrococcus spp. Micrococcus luteus is a group of actinobacteria that is widely used in biotechnology and is being thought as an emerging nosocomial pathogen. From the growth profile, M. luteus strain BAA2 attained the maximum growth at 30 h of incubation (Figure 3B). Bacillus cereus. extended history of safe usage and 4 being a species that can cause a very serious human disease, PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: Properly fastened protective laboratory clothing. Hirata Y, Sata M, Makiuchi Y, Morikane K, Wada A, Okabe N, Tomoike H. 2009. Transmission usually occurs through contaminated surfaces and/or objects. They are seldom motile and are non-sporing. PHYSICAL INACTIVATION: Bacteria are generally sensitive to moist heat and dry heat(8) . No immunological or biochemical detection techniques are currently available. CONTAINMENT REQUIREMENTS: Containment Level 1 facilities, equipment, and operational practices for work involving infectious or potentially infectious materials. Description: Micrococcus luteus (M. luteus) is a Gram-positive to Gram-variable, non-motile, coccus, saprotrophic bacterium. According to Lieble (2002), lysozyme functions best at temperature ranges Fungi, molds, and yeast prefer an acidic environment, with optimum activities at a pH of 4 to 6. CHARACTERISTICS: Micrococcus spp. PRIMARY HAZARDS: Likelihood of infection is low; however, avoid accidental parenteral inoculation, ingestion, and inhalation of infectious droplets. No = 0, Yes = 1, Is the species spore-forming? are gram-positive, oxidase-positive, and strictly aerobic cocci bel… They have been associated with various infections, including bacteremia, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis peritonitis, and infections associated with ventricular shunts and central venous catheters(2). PREPARED BY: Pathogen Regulation Directorate, Public Health Agency of Canada. Public Health Agency of Canada, 2010 The cell-wall peptidoglycan of strain LW4(T) contained amino acid residues of lysine, glutamic acid, alanine, glycine and aspartic acid. Micrococcus occurs in a wide range of environments, including water, dust, and soil. You will not receive a reply. SOURCES/SPECIMENS: Skin (particularly in exposed regions of the body) of humans and animals, dairy products, and various environmental sources, including soil, marine and fresh water, plants, fomites, dust, and air(2,3).
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