Their interpretation of the October Revolution as a violent coup organized by a proto-totalitarian party reinforced for them the idea that totalitarianism was an inherent part of Soviet history. The Central Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party provided leadership to the spontaneous movements. "Red October" redirects here. They were supported by strikes and protest rallies by workers in Kiev, Kharkov, Nizhny Novgorod, Ekaterinburg, and other cities. Refusing to continue living as before, they increasingly took measures into their own hands, as can be seen by the increase in the number and militancy of the peasant's actions. The October revolution was a blanquist coup d'etat. From 1914 to 1917, almost 50% of healthy men were sent to war, and many were killed on the front, resulting in many females being head of the household. Recognizing that these dissidents could cause problems for their Russian enemies, the German government agreed to permit 32 Russian citizens, among them Lenin and his wife, to travel in a sealed train carriage through their territory. Wages were fixed at higher rates than during the war, and a shorter, Wade, Rex A. ), the Bolsheviks' Central Committee voted 10–2 for a resolution saying that "an armed uprising is inevitable, and that the time for it is fully ripe. For these historians, the Bolsheviks' defeat in the Constituent Assembly elections of November–December 1917 demonstrated popular opposition to the Bolsheviks' revolution, as did the scale and breadth of the Civil War. The October Cup or October League is a one-time football tournament in Egypt that was held in 1974 instead of the canceled General League Championship as a result of the October War and also because of Egypt hosting the African Nations Cup 1974. On 1–4 May, about 100,000 workers and soldiers of Petrograd, and, after them, the workers and soldiers of other cities, led by the Bolsheviks, demonstrated under banners reading "Down with the war!" In this sense the Kornilov Affair was a dress rehearsal for the Bolshevik seizure of power. The next day, the Mensheviks seized power in Georgia and declared it an independent republic; the Don Cossacks also claimed control of their government. 1918 by the Bolsheviks. On 10 October 1917 (O.S. Was it a social revolution or a coup d'état? [41] Over the following days, the battle against the anti-Bolsheviks continued. Instead of the Provisional Government that came into power in February, the Soviet Government came into power in October. [22][32][33] The historical reenactment titled The Storming of the Winter Palace was staged in 1920. Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, and Socialist Revolutionaries confronted the army and convinced them to stand down. The French Jacobin Terror was an example for the Soviet Bolsheviks. Estonia and the Estonians, Hoover Inst. The democratic promise of the February Revolution came to an end with the forced dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. But Lenin was insistent on the need for immediate preparations and discounted the cautious mood of the Petrograd masses: in a coup d'état, which is how he conceived the seizure of power, only a small force was needed, provided it was well armed and disciplined enough. [21][22], In the early morning of 24 October (O.S. The same mariners then dispersed by force the elected parliament of Russia,[30] and used machine-gun fire against demonstrators in Petrograd,[citation needed] killing about 100 demonstrators and wounding several hundred. ), the Cheka was created by Lenin's decree. A new crisis in the Provisional Government began on 15 July. On 31 August, the Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies—and, on 5 September, the Moscow Soviet Workers Deputies—adopted the Bolshevik resolutions on the question of power. Lenin expressed his confidence in the success of the planned insurrection. This reenactment, watched by 100,000 spectators, provided the model for official films made later, which showed fierce fighting during the storming of the Winter Palace,[34] although, in reality, the Bolshevik insurgents had faced little opposition. Within my essay, I will be arguing that the events of October 1917 lean towards a social revolution rather than a political coup. They were then fired upon by Kerensky's cossacks, which resulted in 8 deaths. However, there was continued support for Kerensky in some of the provinces. In what became known as the Kornilov affair, General Lavr Kornilov, who had been Commander-in-Chief since 18 July, with Kerensky's agreement directed an army under Aleksandr Krymov to march toward Petrograd to restore order. You will find some answers to these questions in this section, which contains extracts from my books, photographs and videos, and a reading list. The Provisional Government which took over from the Tsar in February 1917 remained committed to keeping Russia in the Great War. "Historical Dictionary of Estonia." The center and right wings of the Socialist Revolutionaries, as well as the Mensheviks, believed that Lenin and the Bolsheviks had illegally seized power and they walked out before the resolution was passed. Even though workplace conditions may have been increasing in quality, the overall quality of life for workers was not improving. At the same time, the cost of living increased sharply. For Russia, it was effectively the end of the war. As 1917 progressed, the peasantry increasingly began to lose faith that the land would be distributed to them by the Social Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks. The Red Terror began in September 1918, following a failed assassination attempt on Lenin. It continued to wage World War I, which became increasingly unpopular. The historian Orlando Figes concurs in his latest popular work A people's tragedy wherein he describes the seizing of power as a coup, orchestrated by Lenin and … The European powers recognized the Soviet Union in the early 1920s and began to engage in business with it after the New Economic Policy (NEP) was implemented. Seine Musik weist häufig Funk-Einflüsse auf, Rileys Songinhalte sind dem politischen Rap zuordenbar. [18], On 10 October 1917 (O.S. With few troops to spare at the front, Kerensky turned to the Petrograd Soviet for help. A newly-independent India is trying to persuade Hyderabad to join the Indian Union. This new government was also officially called "provisional" until the Assembly was dissolved. [6], By October 1917, peasant uprisings were common. One of Lenin's intentions was to present members of the Soviet congress, who would assemble that afternoon, with a fait accompli and thus forestall further debate on the wisdom or legitimacy of taking power. By October 1917, Russia's national debt had risen to 50 billion rubles. It resolved to wait until the Second All-Russian Soviet Congress, due to convene on 20 October, for the transfer of power to Soviets. To establish the accuracy of Marxist ideology, Soviet historians generally described the Revolution as the product of class struggle and that it was the supreme event in a world history governed by historical laws. On 5–6 July, attacks were made on the editorial offices and printing presses of Pravda and on the Palace of Kshesinskaya, where the Central Committee and the Petrograd Committee of the Bolsheviks were located. Ten Days That Shook the World, a book written by American journalist John Reed and first published in 1919, gives a firsthand exposition of the events. With Kornilov defeated, the Bolsheviks' popularity in the soviets grew significantly, both in the central and local areas. [6], In September and October 1917, there were mass strike actions by the Moscow and Petrograd workers, miners in the Donbas, metalworkers in the Urals, oil workers in Baku, textile workers in the Central Industrial Region, and railroad workers on 44 railway lines. While the cabinet of the provisional government within the palace debated what action to take, the Bolsheviks issued an ultimatum to surrender. It was to prevent the garrison's removal that the Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC) - the leading organizational force of the Bolshevik uprising - was formed on 20 October. [23] At 9:45 p.m, the cruiser Aurora fired a blank shot from the harbor. [63], During the Cold War, Western historiography of the October Revolution developed in direct response to the assertions of the Soviet view. Workers established control over production and distribution in many factories and plants in a social revolution. Over 42% of all the cases of destruction (usually burning down and seizing property from the landlord's estate) recorded between February and October occurred in October. [7] Workers organized these strikes through factory committees. Although numerous accounts have been published of the genesis and character of the attempted October 1965 coup in Indonesia, many important aspects of that affair still remain very unclear. [54], Soviet historians of the Revolution interpreted the October Revolution as being about establishing the legitimacy of Marxist ideology and the Bolshevik government. [17] The Bolsheviks' influence over railroad and telegraph workers also proved vital in stopping the movement of troops. Lesen Sie „October Coup A Memoir of the Struggle for Hyderabad“ von Mohammed Hyder erhältlich bei Rakuten Kobo. With the Petrograd Soviet now in control of government, garrison, and proletariat, the Second All Russian Congress of Soviets held its opening session on the day, while Trotsky dismissed the opposing Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries (SR) from Congress. [citation needed] Dybenko in his memoirs mentioned this event as "several shots in the air". Sergei Eisenstein and Grigori Aleksandrov's film October: Ten Days That Shook the World, first released on 20 January 1928 in the USSR and on 2 November 1928 in New York City, describes and glorifies the revolution, having been commissioned to commemorate the event. [25], Later stories of the heroic "Storming of the Winter Palace" and "defense of the Winter Palace" were propaganda by Bolshevik publicists. The left-wing Bolsheviks were deeply unhappy with the government, and began spreading calls for a military uprising. [16] On 27 August, feeling betrayed by the government, Kornilov pushed on towards Petrograd. Book Review: October Coup: A Memoir of the Struggle for Hyderabad. [40] This eventually developed into major counter-revolutionary action, as on 30 October (O.S., 12 November, N.S.) Disorder in industry and transport had intensified, and difficulties in obtaining provisions had increased. Control of the factories was given to the soviets. The rigidity of interpretive possibilities reached its height under Stalin. In an attempt to intervene in the civil war after the Bolsheviks' separate peace with the Central Powers, the Allied Powers (the United Kingdom, France, Italy, the United States, and Japan) occupied parts of the Soviet Union for over two years before finally withdrawing. Was the October Revolution a coup d’etat or a popular uprising? [51] The historiography of the Revolution generally divides into three camps: Soviet-Marxist, Western-Totalitarian, and Revisionist. [66] Thus, Stalinist totalitarianism developed as a natural progression from Leninism and the Bolshevik party's tactics and organization. The mass demonstrations resulted in a crisis for the Provisional Government. "[43], The long-awaited Constituent Assembly elections were held on 12 November (O.S., 25 November, N.S.) While the seizure of the Winter Palace happened almost without resistance, Soviet historians and officials later tended to depict the event in dramatic and heroic terms. Contemporary Russia now distances itself from its Soviet past by removing the October Revolution as a national holiday. As the night progressed, crowds of insurgents surrounded the palace, and many infiltrated it. During this time, urban workers began to organize into councils (soviets) wherein revolutionaries criticized the provisional government and its actions. Russian Republic • October Revolution • Civil War(Red Army • White Guard • separatists • others). The Central Committee ignored Lenin's instructions. The Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 (also known as the 1993 October Coup, Black October, the Shooting of the White House or Ukase 1400) was a political stand-off between the Russian president Boris Yeltsin and the Russian parliament that was resolved by military force. Oktober 2015.Segelflugzeug: Antares 20E Don’t fall into the dubious connection of associations’ dots and interpret the October 11th coup as a matter of American AGENTS taking over the Panamanian government. As for the "several shots in the air", there is little evidence suggesting otherwise. Kerensky gave an ultimatum to the rifle garrison to lay down weapons, which was promptly refused. The Symphony No. The Petrograd Garrison and most of the city's military units joined the insurrection against the Provisional Government. Often—when government allowances were late and were not sufficient to match the rising costs of goods—soldiers' wives sent masses of appeals to the government, which went largely unanswered. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. ), a group of soldiers loyal to Kerensky's government marched on the printing house of the Bolshevik newspaper, Rabochiy put (Worker's Path), seizing and destroying printing equipment and thousands of newspapers. Even though the motivation for change of Government and Marxist interpretation was given by Lenin who was in hiding, the military coup was led by Trotsky. [9] When the Provisional Government sent punitive detachments, it only enraged the peasants. While the disintegration essentially helped solidify the Western and Revisionist views, post-USSR Russian historians largely repudiated the former Soviet historical interpretation of the Revolution. 'The Mass Minority in Action: France and Russia'. October 1917 (November, New Style), by contrast, was a classic coup d’état carried out by a small group of conspirators. But class struggle … Less robust forms of protest included marches on landowner manors and government offices, as well as withholding and storing grains rather than selling them. The committee included armed workers, sailors, and soldiers, and assured the support or neutrality of the capital's garrison. [37] When the fall of the Winter Palace was announced, the Congress adopted a decree transferring power to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, thus ratifying the Revolution. [22] The insurrection was timed and organized to hand state power to the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, which began on this day. The October Revolution also made the ideology of communism influential on a global scale in the 20th century. Writing from Finland, where he had fled to avoid arrest following the failed uprising in July he told the Bolshevik leaders that they 'can and must take state power into their own hands.' Kerensky and the Provisional Government were virtually helpless to offer significant resistance. Many of the initial Soviet interpreters of the Revolution were themselves Bolshevik revolutionaries. In contrast to their majority in the Soviets, the Bolsheviks only won 175 seats in the 715-seat legislative body, coming in second behind the Socialist Revolutionary Party, which won 370 seats, although the SR Party no longer existed as a whole party by that time, as the Left SRs had gone into coalition with the Bolsheviks from October 1917 to March 1918 (a cause of dispute of the legitimacy of the returned seating of the Constituent Assembly, as the old lists, were drawn up by the old SR Party leadership, and thus represented mostly Right SRs, whereas the peasant soviet deputies had returned majorities for the pro-Bolshevik Left SRs). Dezember 2017 der DJane Pam The Funkstress[2]. The Attempted Coup of October 1, 1965 and the Countercoup Which Followed. ; 18 January, N.S.) Some sources contend that as the leader of Tsentrobalt, Pavlo Dybenko played a crucial role in the revolt and that the ten warships that arrived at the city with ten thousand Baltic Fleet mariners were the force that took the power in Petrograd and put down the Provisional Government. For more details see Old Style and New Style dates. Maybe they could free these poor guys from prison as a sign of good-will? On 17 July, over 500,000 people participated in what was intended to be a peaceful demonstration in Petrograd, the so-called July Days. Er selbst ist Kommunist. On 7 July, the government ordered the arrest and trial of Vladimir Lenin, who was forced to go underground, as he had done under the Tsarist regime. When Does a 'Revolutionary Situation' Start? Examples of these accidental and contingent factors they say precipitated the Revolution included World War I's timing, chance, and the poor leadership of Tsar Nicholas II as well as that of liberal and moderate socialists. Lenin's intervention was decisive. After the fall of Moscow, there was only minor public anti-Bolshevik sentiment, such as the newspaper Novaya Zhizn, which criticized the Bolsheviks' lack of manpower and organization in running their party, let alone a government. For other uses, see, Unrest by workers, peasants, and soldiers, Timeline of the spread of Soviet power (Gregorian calendar dates), Effect of the dissolution of the Soviet Union on historical research, Великая Октябрьская социалистическая революция, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFService2005 (, (See a first-hand account by British General. With the Bolshevik conspiracy public knowledge, the Soviet leaders resolved to delay the Soviet Congress until 25 October. Running out of patience, Lenin returned to Petrograd and convened a secret meeting of the Central Committee on 10 October at which he forced through a decision (by ten votes against two) to prepare an uprising. How significant this decision was in terms of contributing to the Provisional Government’s overthrow by the Bolsheviks in 1917 is another subject of debate. The event caught world attention and resulted in massive amounts of police movement early in the morning. dates have been given for events. ; 23 October, N.S. The October Revolution,[a][b] also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution, as the official term in the Soviet Union, the Bolshevik Coup, the Bolshevik Revolution,[2] the October Uprising, the October Coup or Red October, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923. What were the Lessons of the 1905 Revolution? The February Revolution had overthrown the Tsarist autocracy, resulting in a provisional government. Kerensky's failure to assume authority over troops was described by John Reed as a "fatal blunder" that signaled the final end of his government. 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The transfer of power was not without disagreement. The victorious Soviet Union viewed it as a validation of their ideology, and the triumph of the worker over capitalism. Lenin called for an armed insurrection. From the beginning of September to the October Revolution there were over a third as many peasant actions than since March. [53] After the initial wave of revolutionary narratives, Soviet historians worked within "narrow guidelines" defined by the Soviet government. 1917, the Bolsheviks led their forces in the uprising in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg, then capital of Russia) against the Provisional Government. The provisional government remained widely unpopular, especially because it was continuing to fight in World War I, and had ruled with an iron fist throughout the summer (including killing hundreds of protesters in the July Days). That same day, posters were pinned on walls and fences by the right-wing Socialist Revolutionaries, describing the takeover as a "crime against the motherland" and "revolution"; this signaled the next wave of anti-Bolshevik sentiment. In this sense the Kornilov Affair was a dress rehearsal for the Bolshevik seizure of power. By 2:10 a.m. on 26 October, Bolshevik forces had gained control. [49], After the success of the October Revolution transformed the Russian state into a soviet republic, a coalition of anti-Bolshevik groups attempted to unseat the new government in the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1922. ; 6 November, N.S.) 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On 31 October 1917 (13 November, N.S), the Bolsheviks gained control of Moscow after a week of bitter street-fighting. It was a coup without a particular ideology or political or geopolitical alignment, let … The Executive Committee of Peasants Soviets "[refuted] with indignation all participation of the organized peasantry in this criminal violation of the will of the working class". [12] 1 July saw more demonstrations, as about 500,000 workers and soldiers in Petrograd demonstrated, again demanding "all power to the soviets," "down with the war," and "down with the ten capitalist ministers." when Cossacks, welcomed by church bells, entered Tsarskoye Selo on the outskirts of Petrograd with Kerensky riding on a white horse. The Master's Voice 07:36, October 3, 2011 (UTC) All of them. Service, Robert (1998). His impatience was political. Shortly thereafter, the government announced the immediate closure of not only Rabochiy put but also the left-wing Soldat, as well as the far-right newspapers Zhivoe slovo and Novaia Rus. This new Soviet government was known as the Council (Soviet) of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom), with Lenin as a leader. By contrast, historian Richard Pipes has argued that the episode was engineered by Kerensky. Later, more backgrounds were … The Provisional Government was also unable to locate any serviceable vehicles. [44], On 16 December 1917 (29 December, N.S. [61] Other analyses following this "anthropological turn" have explored texts from soldiers and how they used personal war-experiences to further their political goals,[62] as well as how individual life-structure and psychology may have shaped major decisions in the civil war that followed the revolution. As a result, Western historians exposed what they believed were flaws in the Soviet view, thereby undermining the Bolsheviks' original legitimacy, as well as the precepts of Marxism. ; 6 November N.S. In these months alone, more than a million workers took part in strikes. ), 1917. The Provisional Government, with the support of Socialist-Revolutionary Party-Menshevik leaders of the All-Russian Executive Committee of the Soviets, ordered an armed attack against the demonstrators, killing hundreds. Other decrees: Bolshevik-led attempts to gain power in other parts of the Russian Empire were largely successful in Russia proper—although the fighting in Moscow lasted for two weeks—but they were less successful in ethnically non-Russian parts of the Empire, which had been clamoring for independence since the February Revolution. [23], In response, at 9 a.m. the Bolshevik Military-Revolutionary Committee issued a statement denouncing the government's actions. The events were, according to these historians, logically predetermined because of the socio-economic development of Russia, where monopolistic industrial capitalism had alienated the masses. The Red Guard fought against cossacks at Tsarskoye Selo, with the cossacks breaking rank and fleeing, leaving their artillery behind. There was a nationwide crisis affecting social, economic, and political relations. The historiography of the event has varied. Guided by Lenin's leadership and his firm grasp of scientific Marxist theory, the Party led the "logically predetermined" events of the October Revolution from beginning to end. Communist parties would start to form in many countries after 1917. It reinforced Lenin's conviction that the 'proletariat' needed to engage in a civil war against the 'military dictatorship' which would take power if the Bolsheviks did not. I’m off to Switzerland tomorrow for two days. For example, the Ukrainian Rada, which had declared autonomy on 23 June 1917, created the Ukrainian People's Republic on 20 November, which was supported by the Ukrainian Congress of Soviets. Lenin confidently claimed that there is "not a shadow of hesitation in the masses of Petrograd, Moscow and the rest of Russia" in accepting Bolshevik rule. The only member who was not arrested was Kerensky himself, who had already left the palace.[23][29]. Upon police intervention, protesters responded with "rakes, sticks, rocks, and fists. [8] While the uprisings varied in severity, complete uprisings and seizures of the land were not uncommon. [47] In Estonia, two rival governments emerged: the Estonian Provincial Assembly, established in April 1917, proclaimed itself the supreme legal authority of Estonia on 28 November 1917 and issued the Declaration of Independence on 24 February 1918;[48] but Soviet Russia recognized the Executive Committee of the Soviets of Estonia as the legal authority in the province, although the Soviets in Estonia controlled only the capital and a few other major towns.
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