Initially, the dynasty was of Turkic Origin. St Paul. CROSSWORD CLUE: Turkish leadership titles SOLUTION: AGAS. Turkish leader is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted over 20 times. Local tribal leaders in Manbij stated that they and . Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Go back and … Share on Twitter. Below are all possible answers to this clue ordered by its rank. EMIR; AGA; BABA; AGHA; AMIR; DEY; EMEER; PASHA; AMEER; BEY; Likely related crossword puzzle clues. Bey (Ottoman Turkish: بك, Beg, Beğ) is a title for chieftain, traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups.According to some sources, the word "Bey" is of Turkish language In historical accounts, many Turkish, other Turkic and Persian leaders are titled Baig|'Bey, Beg, Bek, "Bai" Bay, "Baj", Baig or Beigh.They are all the same word with the simple meaning of "lord". Originally given to tribal leaders, it was later used by the Ottomans to denote a provincial ruler. The word entered English from Turkish bey, itself derived from Old Turkic beg, which – in the form bäg – has been mentioned as early as in the Orkhon inscriptions (8th century AD) and is usually translated as "tribal leader". "Agha" is nowadays used as a Persian honorific title for men, the equivalent of "Mr" in English. Turkish leader's title is a crossword puzzle clue. Bey. 19 May 1881. The word agha entered English from Turkish, and the Turkish word comes from the Old Turkic aqa, meaning "elder brother". The title Khan rose to unprecedented prominence with the Mongol Temüjin's creation of the Mongol empire, the largest contiguous land empire in history, which he ruled as Genghis Khan.Before 1229 the title was used to designate leaders of important tribes as well as tribal confederations (the Mongol Empire considered the largest one), and rulers of non-Mongol countries. Turkish leader; Foreign title; Ottoman title ___ Khan (Muslim leader) Near Eastern honorific; Muslim honorific; Turkish honorific; Last Seen In: LA Times - November 19, 2020; New York Times - September 02, 2020; New York Times - February 17, 2020; New York Times - March 25, 2019; LA Times - February 08, 2019 ; Universal - October 30, 2018; King Syndicate - Eugene Sheffer - … Tribal governments and leaders examining Title IV-E may want to consider: 1. The Crossword Solver found 20 answers to the Turkish leader's title crossword clue. 0005 AD. Osman I founded the empire during the end of the 13th century in … Click the answer to find similar crossword clues. A title for the Persian emperor was shah-en-shah , or “king of kings.” Sheikh: An elder or religious leader; a wise person. Turkish words for leader include lider, önder, baş, önayak, başmakale and müşteri çeken ucuz mal. You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer. Enter the answer length or the answer pattern to get better results. 6 1. Both the dynasty and the Ottoman Empire were named after him. : A L O T. 30d. Send us feedback; tribal. Turkish leader's title is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 1 time. Consider the Necessary Infrastructure Tribes operating a direct Title IV-E program find that a significant amount of infrastructure is necessary to meet the program requirements. The word agha entered English from Turkish,[2] and the Turkish word comes from the Old Turkic aqa, meaning "elder brother". They are the tribes classified by Principal Chief, including the tribal's full name, alternate name, job title, zip code, etc. Wordsanswers.info You’ll be glad to know, that your search for tips for Daily Themed Crossword game is ending right on this page. With our crossword solver search engine you have access to over 7 million clues. A tribal chief is the leader of a tribal society or chiefdom.Tribal societies with social stratification under a single (or dual) leader emerged in the Neolithic period out of earlier tribal structures with little stratification, and they remained prevalent throughout the Iron Age.. According to the Ottoman tradition, his family hailed from the Kayı branch of the Oghuz Turkish tribe. In Kurdistan the tribal Kurdish society gives the title "agha" to tribal chieftains - either supreme chieftains or village heads. The agha and his guests would listen at times for local or visiting singers and story tellers (usually Jewish merchants or peddlers), who would entertain the "agha" and his guests. All About Entertainment. 2014. Directed by Murat Onbul. Bey (Ottoman Turkish: بك, Beg, Beğ) is a title for chieftain, traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups.According to some sources, the word "Bey" is of Turkish language In historical accounts, many Turkish, other Turkic and Persian leaders are titled Baig|'Bey, Beg, Bek, "Bai" Bay, "Baj", Baig or Beigh.They are all the same word with the simple meaning of "lord". Sponsored Links. On this page you will find the solution to Turkish leadership titles crossword clue. Sort A-Z. Thank you visiting our website, here you will be able to find all the answers for Daily Themed Crossword Game. 0005 AD. In Ottoman Egypt, the beys were descendants of the former Mamluk rulers. (source; Wikipedia article about Khagan title) Bey is a Turkish title for "chieftain," traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups. The Turkish title for a tribal leader Daily Themed Crossword Answers. The word agha entered English from Turkish, and the Turkish word comes from the Old Turkic aqa, meaning "elder brother". This clue was last seen on July 19 2018 on New York Times’s Crossword. In Kurdistan. (AFP via Getty … English contemporary dictionary. are familiar enough with one another to stop and say “hi” if they were to meet in the streets With crossword-solver.io you will find 1 solutions. Turkish Leader Vows to Bring US-Based Opposition Cleric to Justice. There are related clues (shown below). We add many new clues on a daily basis. Sort A-Z. Bey (originally Beg; Arabic language: بك / Bek; Ottoman and Persian بگ / Beg or Beyg) is a Turkish title for chieftain, traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer. Print this page. Partnerships 5. 12th President of Turkey. About 67 Turkmen … Daily Themed Crossword The Turkish title for a tribal leader. A … Crossword Clue The crossword clue Title for a Turkish military leader (var.) At the same time some court functionaries were entitled to the agha title. Let me … Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. have? If certain letters are known already, you can provide them in the form of a pattern: "CA????". How many solutions does Title For A Turkish Military Leader (Var.) … Find out more about the greatest Turkish Leaders, including Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Abdullah Öcalan, Muhtar Kent, Kenan Evren and Enver Pasha. 32a. Chaz-X. Title name generator . We found more than 1 answers for Title For A Turkish Military Leader (Var.). Children are arrested and tortured. Turkish leader's title is a crossword puzzle clue. : P T A. crossword-solver.io, ' Tricky' (Run Dmc Hit) Crossword Clue, ' Sells Seashells By The Seashore' Crossword Clue, Contrary Greek Ephebe Is Housing Dog Crossword Clue, Ganesha, To Parvati And Shiva Crossword Clue, Easy Number To Multiply By Crossword Clue, Number That's Its Own Square Root Crossword Clue, Number Of Monosyllabic Teletubbies Crossword Clue, 2000 Beatles Album ... Or Its Peak Position On Billboard Crossword Clue, "It's Only Happened Time" Crossword Clue, Number Of Monosyllabic State Names Crossword Clue, Title for a Turkish military leader (var. The Darkspear are mortal enemies of the Amani tribe. They are all the same word with the simple meaning of "lord." No Tribal Leader Duel Challenge for Title. Note that it's a little hard to test since it's an event based on chance. Enter the answer length or the answer pattern to get better results. Find out more about the greatest Turkish Leaders, including Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Abdullah Öcalan, Muhtar Kent, Kenan Evren and Enver Pasha. Osman I. The Crossword Solver found 20 answers to the Turkish title crossword clue. 15 March 0270. The top solutions is determined by popularity, ratings and frequency of searches. According to the Ottoman tradition, his family hailed from the Kayı branch of the Oghuz Turkish tribe. [3] It is an equivalent of Mongolian word aqa or aka. World Turkish Coalition. It is an equivalent of Mongolian word aqa or aka.. Find more similar words at wordhippo.com! At the time of deference, embodied during the time of Hafez Assad, and later with his son Bashar, the tribal pattern was capitalized on in service of the interest of Assads’ Regimes. Tribal leader Andre Satere and other members of the community return home after gathering medicinal plants in the Amazon rainforest. You can narrow down the possible answers by specifying the number of letters it contains. With Ilker Kizmaz, Cem Uçan, Ahmet Arslan, Umut Karadag. TRIBAL LEADER 'TRIBAL LEADER' is a 12 letter phrase starting with T and ending with R Crossword clues for 'TRIBAL LEADER' Clue Answer; Tribal leader (7) HEADMAN: Tribal leader (5) ELDER: Church office holder (5) One to respect (5) Respected tribesman (5) Church leader (5) Mormon missionary (5) Born earlier (5) Certain church officer (5) Respected church member … Synonyms for tribal include racial, ethnic, ethnical, familial, family, ancestral, group, cultural, ethnological and national. Christian Saint. 26 February 1954. Bey (Ottoman Turkish: بك‎ “Beik”, Albanian: bej , Bosnian: beg , Arabic: بيه‎ “Beyeh”, Persian: بیگ‎ “Beyg” or بگ “Beg”) is a Turkish title for chieftain, traditionally applied to the leaders or rulers of various sized areas in the Ottoman Empire. Osman I, or Osman Gazi, was the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader who founded the Ottoman Dynasty and ruled as the first sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Tribal issue. The common tribesmen would[when?] Click tribal's name, you can browse more details. Welcome! This mod will remove that event ever happening. "*Etimoloji: Kökenbilim, kelimelerin aslını ve evrimini inceleyen disiplin ~ EYun étymon "asıl" + logeía "bilim, "Customer Reviews: Jewish Subjects and Their Tribal Chieftains in Kurdistan (Jewish Identities in a Changing World)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agha_(title)&oldid=995069451, Articles containing Persian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2020, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from January 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 19 December 2020, at 01:42. Saint Nicholas. Children affected by the popular uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt in southern Syria in March 2011, write graffiti to criticize the Baath regime. Turkish leadership titles. One of the best[citation needed] studies on "aghas" in Kurdish society is the book by Mordechai Zaken, Jewish Subjects and their tribal chieftains in Kurdistan.[5]. My tribe holds a funeral every week for people killed by fossil fuels. This is not the first time a tribal leader has been arrested by pro-Turkish groups for their relations with the SDF. They are the tribes classified by Mayor, including the tribal's full name, alternate name, job title, zip code, etc. Skip to main content. 3 Sultan A Muslim sovereign. On the 1 st January 2009, 25 people were killed in a suicide bombing in the town of Yusufiya south of the Iraqi capital Baghdad, reported Turkmeneli TV. 19 May 1881. Khartoum, Sudan — Tribal clashes broke out Monday in Sudan's South Darfur state, killing at least 20 people, a tribal leader said, shortly after violence in a neighboring state killed over 80 For those who think that one of your vassals being able to walk up and just take your kingdom (or other titles) via a random RNG prowess event is a little cheesy. Planning 3. The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethnic groups of Central, East, North and West Asia as well as parts of Europe and North Africa, who speak Turkic languages.. • Vizier's superior • Word before Khan • Title for a civil or military leader (especially in Turkey) CrosswordOpener.com - we know the word that you can`t guess In case of any inconvenience Political Leader. The "agha" would usually have a diwan or diwan-khane, a special room, or house, dedicated to the "agha" and his male guests, for sitting and drinking tea, discussing the affairs of the tribe and other mundane subjects. Share via Email. Christian Saint. During their time in Stranglethorn, they would be plagued b… The Turkish title for a tribal leader crossword clue. Tribal Title IV-E Plan Development Grant 4. The Crossword Solver finds answers to American-style crosswords, British-style crosswords, general knowledge crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Consensus among tribal and national leaders between 1954 and 1958 constituted the title of the national era when Leaders of Clans were an active plyers in the political life. You’ll be glad to know, that your search for tips for Daily Themed Crossword game is ending right on this page. 15 March 0270. Rural and tribal characteristics are strong Jazira, where tribes form the scattered between the Turkish border in the north and the Iraqi border in the south. Click tribal's name, you can browse more details. tribal [Brit ˈtrʌɪb(ə)l, Am ˈtraɪbəl] ADJ (all contexts) Show synonyms for tribal. The common agha was in fact one person who was in charge of several major tasks of the tribal society under his jurisdiction: he was the head of the political unit, the main judge and arbitrator, the main military leader of his armed tribesmen, the main finance minister responsible mainly for receiving dues from his subjects for their harvest and commercial transactions carried out under his jurisdiction. The Tarkhan; After the Khagan, Bek, Kender and Jawshighar, the next position in the hierarchy of power was the Tarkhan. 12th President of Turkey. Rich cake; Eastern potentate ___ Khan; Muslim leader; Rum cake; Eastern ruler; Turkish honorific; … Political Leader. The regions It is an equivalent of Mongolian word aqa or aka. Once a part of the Gurubashi Empire, the portion that would eventually become Darkspear suffered heavily when the empire split into separate tribes as they were smaller than the rest. tribal leader in the Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary. Clue: Turkish leader's title. ). bey (bā), general title of respect used by Turkish peoples since ancient times. The leaders claim that the attacks by Turkey on Manbij are aimed at ressurecting the Ottoman Empire in the region. St Paul. Music Sampler; Shop-X; X-Members; Contact Us; turkish title crossword - Latest Answers By Publishers & Dates: Publisher: Last Seen: Solution: Family Time Crossword: 13 January 2019: AGHA: USA Today: 5 March 2015: AGHA: Search For More Clues: Find more solutions whenever you need them. The titles are based on both real and fictional titles and cover both modern and historic positions. This isn’t progress – it’s environmental genocide. Ḵāqān was one of the titles used by Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah Qājār (r. 1797-1834), and late in the nineteenth century was even appropriated by Ḥosayn-qoli Khan Baḵtiāri (d. 1882), the first Baḵtiāri il-ḵāni (the title was awarded him in 1867 by Nāṣer-al-Din Shah), a variant of khan indicating the paramount tribal leader of the Baḵtiāri confederation (Garthwaite, p. 82). This could require a … With the capture of Bursa, Orhan had been able to declare himself independent of his suzerains and assume the title of … Word used to identify … The actual origin of the word is still disputed, though it is mostly agreed that it was a loan-word, in Old Turkic. Religious Preacher. Clue: Turkish leader. "Bey" (Ottoman Turkish: بك ‎ "Beik", Albanian: bej, Bosnian: beg, Arabic: بيه ‎ "Beyeh", Persian: بیگ ‎ "Beyg" or بگ "Beg") is a traditionally Turkish title for Chieftain ruler of a Beylik, for the leaders or rulers of various sized areas in the Ottoman Empire. Clue: Turkish leader's title. Translations for tribal leader in the English»French Dictionary. Title for a Turkish military leader (var.) The Turkish leader also mentioned Washington’s threat of sanctions after Turkey tested the Russian-made S-400 air defense system. [4], In Kurdistan the tribal Kurdish society gives the title "agha" to tribal chieftains - either supreme chieftains or village heads. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues. July 19, 2018 . Turkish title is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted over 20 times. 1258 AD . Please find below the Tribe leader answer and solution which is part of Daily Themed Mini Crossword January 15 2020 Answers.Many other players have had difficulties with Tribe leader that is why we have decided to share not only this crossword clue but all the Daily Themed Mini Crossword Answers every single day. the title had become hereditary. • Turkish leader either way • Turkish military title • Turkish muck-a-muck • Turkish nabob • Turkish noble • Turkish official • Turkish Pooh-Bah • Turkish potentate • Turkish V.I.P. "The study of address terms and their translation from Persian to English." Etymology. Narrative of Residence in Koordistan and on the Site of Ancient Nineveh, pages 66 and 214, Claudius James Rich, Published 1836, J. Duncan, 860 pages. Ottoman Empire - Ottoman Empire - Ottoman institutions in the 14th and 15th centuries: Ottoman dynasts were transformed from simple tribal leaders to border princes (uc beys) and ghazi leaders under Seljuq and then II-Khanid suzerainty in the 13th and early 14th centuries. Recent linguistic, genetic and archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest Turkic peoples descended from agricultural communities in … Unsubscribe. 28d. The crossword clue Turkish (military) leader with 4 letters was last seen on the April 11, 2015. In April, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) reported that the Al-Nu’aym tribal leader, Ahmad al-Sheikh al-A’nizan, was arrested in Tal Abyad for 24 hours on April 22 for allegedly dealing with the SDF. Turkish leader's title is a crossword puzzle clue that we have spotted 1 … Done with Turkish leadership titles? Our wells are so polluted our tribe must now buy water. Find more Turkish words at wordhippo.com! 2 Janissaries . After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into transcontinental empire. Shah: Formerly the title for Iran’s hereditary monarch. We think the likely answer to this clue is AGHA. This is not the first time a tribal leader has been arrested by pro-Turkish groups for their relations with the SDF. Tribal leaders in Manbij (Minbic) spoke to Hawar News and condemned the Turkish state's military assault in North and East Syria. (2014). The Crossword Solver finds answers to American-style crosswords, British-style crosswords, general knowledge crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. You're always welcome to make a quick search on our website! Saint Nicholas. You’ll be glad to know, that your search for tips for Daily Themed Crossword game is ending right on this page. tribe translate: kabile, aşiret, boy, klân. See Separation of duties for a description of the Executive, Judicial, and Legislative functions as they are generally understood today. 1258 AD . Show summary of all matches. There are related clues (shown below). The first 3 names are titles for leaders… They can be sorted: Alphabetically; By language, nation, or tradition of origin; By function. Khani, S., and R. Yousefi. 26 February 1954. We found 1 solutions for Title For A Turkish Military Leader (Var.). This name generator will give you 10 random titles based on a specific rank. LATEST NEWS 16:31: CHP deputy Tanrıkulu: 43,780 rights violations under AKP … Watch Trailer - Ertuğrul - Father of the Ottoman Empire Founder - Fighting with other Turkish Tribe Leader_ - Pakflix Entertainment on Dailymotion How can I find a solution for Title For A Turkish Military Leader (Var.)? The feminine equivalent title was Begum. Daily Themed Crossword is the new wonderful word game developed by PlaySimple Games, known by his best puzzle word games on the android and apple store. Platter sizes range from Alp to Bey (a tribal leader), to “The Sultan.” First appearing on Turkey’s state broadcaster TRT1 in 2014, Diriliş Ertuğrul was originally commissioned to help rekindle the nation’s affections for its Ottoman roots. Learn more in the Cambridge English-Turkish Dictionary. November 17, 2016 09:18 AM Share on Facebook. Skip to main content. Hello everyone! Earlier or later you will need help to pass this challenging game and our website is here to equip you with Daily Themed Crossword The Turkish title for a tribal leader answers and other useful information like tips, solutions and cheats. leader of a tribe tribal chief, person of authority within a tribe. [6] The corresponding honorific term for women is khanum. In Kurdistan the tribal Kurdish society gives the title "agha" to tribal chieftains - … A member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard between the 14th and 19th centuries. If you have any other question or need extra help, please feel free to contact us or use the search box/calendar for any clue. Infrastructure 2. The most likely answer for the clue is AGHA. In April, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) reported that the Al-Nu’aym tribal leader, Ahmad al-Sheikh al-A’nizan, was arrested in Tal Abyad for 24 hours on April 22 for allegedly dealing with the SDF. © 2020 Copyright: In Kurdistan. We use historic puzzles to find the best matches for your question. The origins of the Turkic peoples has been a topic of much discussion. Subscribed. NBA team, one of whose mascots is Duncan the Dragon: N E T S. 29d. I've separated the titles into 3 'ranks'. Tarkhan is a title used in Islamic times for a Turkish nobleman or Prince. Details Original Title: Bir Annenin Gunahi English Title: A Mother’s Guilt Also Known As: Genre: Family Drama, Crime, Romance Episodes: 5 Broadcast Network: Kanal D Broadcast Period: 21 November 2020 – 19 December 2020 Production Company: Limon Yapim; Skala Yapim Director: Filiz Gulmez Pakman Screen Writer: Ozlem Atasoy (screenwriter for Turkish adaptation); Yesim … Description. "Typically, French cooking requires you to use ___ of butter" : 2 wds. It is also given to wealthy landlords and owners of major real estate in the urban Kurdish centers, although these landlords are usually with heavy[clarification needed] tribal relations. There are related clues (shown below). honor the chieftains or the village heads by calling them "agha" or "agha so-and-so. This is a list of personal titles arranged in a sortable table. Religious Preacher. The Tarkhans served as commanders … Rated by : 0 Users. 2009 animated post-apocalyptic movie, produced by Tim Burton: N I N E. 31a. In historical accounts, many Turkish, other Turkic and Persian leaders are titled Bey, Beg, Bek, Bay, Baig or Beigh. Osman I, or Osman Gazi, was the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader who founded the Ottoman Dynasty and ruled as the first sultan of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey, was an empire founded at the end of the thirteenth century in northwestern Anatolia in the vicinity of Bilecik and Söğüt by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman. with 4 letters was last seen on the January 13, 2019.We think the likely answer to this clue is AGHA.Below are all possible answers to this clue ordered by its rank. On this page you will find the solution to Turkish leadership titles crossword clue. By Ayaz Gul. Funding . Enter This Link To View … Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Refine the search results by specifying the number of letters. Ulugh Tarkhan was Tukish and came to Bughdad; the following is noteworth; that his father held a traditional Turkish title of nobility that is "Tarkhan". They were also at war with the Skullsplitter tribe for years and the Bloodscalp tribeis also said to be their enemy. Subscribe. Both the dynasty and the Ottoman Empire were named after him. tribal. Suicide bomb kills 25 Turkmens in Qaragoli tribal leaders meeting in Iraq. Suleyman Shah is believed to have lived from 1178 until 1236 and the Turkic tribal leader is the grandfather of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire which lasted for six centuries. Çatlı was a contract killer, a member of the Grey Wolves and a drug dealer and as such was involved in the assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II. At first the Ottoman beys were appointed, but by the 18th cent. ___ meetings are usually held in the evening after school hours : Abbr. This clue was last seen on Universal, July 19 2018 Crossword In case the clue doesn’t fit or there’s something wrong please contact us! Osman I. The only survivor was the Kurdish tribal leader and conservative MP Sedat Edip Bucak, whose tribe provided voluntary militiamen (korucu, qorucî) for the fight against the PKK. Agha, also Aga (Ottoman Turkish: .mw-parser-output .script-arabic,.mw-parser-output .script-Arab{font-family:"Scheherazade New",Scheherazade,Lateef,LateefGR,Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh",Harmattan,"Arabic Typesetting","Traditional Arabic","Simplified Arabic","Times New Roman",Arial,"Sakkal Majalla","Microsoft Uighur",Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}آغا‎, Persian: آقا‎ āghā "chief, master, lord"[2]), is an honorific title for a civilian or military officer, or often part of such title, and was placed after the name of certain civilian or military functionaries in the Ottoman Empire. It was founded at the end of the 13th centuries in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Sogut by the Oghuz Turkish tribal Leader Osman Ghazi! Home of D.J. Menu Home; Türkçe; Deutsch; русский ; Posted on January 3, 2009 August 5, 2012 by aira. Referring crossword puzzle answers. The Turkish title for a tribal leader: B E Y.
Dewalt Tool Combo Kit, Justin Fields High School Win Loss Record, Letter Of Interest Residency Reddit Example, Pleasure Point Beach, Get Ripped In 6 Weeks At Home, Rum Runner Menu, Royal Vienna Porcelain Vase, Comfort Zone Cz798 Manual, Best Color Lucky Craft Flash Minnow, Navy Pt Test, Tough Crowd Streaming, Cscl Lewis Dot Structure,